Parnanen_2019_infant

Study: Early-life formula feeding is associated with infant gut microbiota alterations and an increased antibiotic resistance load

Publication: Pärnänen et al., Early-life formula feeding is associated with infant gut microbiota alterations and an increased antibiotic resistance load (2022, The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition)

External link: SPIRE database (MAGs, genes and proteins including annotations)

Study accession: PRJNA532310

Last annotation change: 2025-10-31

Human Metadata

Age_sampling(days)

100%
17
 22
14
 12
12
 2
16
 2
other values
 8

Avg_weight_gain(g/day)

100%
-2.35
 2
0.71
 2
11.18
 2
5.88
 2
other values
38

Birth_Weight(kg)

100%
1.87
 2
2.03
 2
0.76
 1
0.84
 1
other values
40

DIET_CODES_1

100%
predom formula +mom
 12
mom +HMF
 6
predom mom +formula
 6
exclusively breastfed
 5
other values
 17

DIET_CODES_2

100%
MOM+FORMULA
 20
HMF
 9
DONOR
 7
exclusively breastfed
 5
other values
 5

DIET_CODES_4

100%
F
 21
FF
 20
EBM
 5

DIET_CODES_5

100%
F
 21
HMF
 16
H
 9

DIET_bov

100%
BOV
34
H
 12

Description_of_Feeds

100%
Mom's milk +formula fortifier
 8
Mom's milk +HMF
 6
Mom's milk OR formula feeds
 6
Mom's milk or Donor milk +HMF
 6
other values
 20

Donor_Breast_Milk

100%
n
34
y
 12

Duration_Inf_AB(days)

100%
2
24
0
 16
10
 1
16
 1
other values
 4

Formula

100%
n
25
y
 21

GBS

100%
n
23
u
 15
y
 8

Hispanic

100%
not Hispanic
38
Hispanic
 8

Inf_AB

100%
Y
30
N
 16

Inf_AB_over_48h

100%
n
40
y
 6

Inf_Inf

100%
N
40
Y
 6

M_Seqs

100%
12
 2
12.2
 2
12.5
 2
13
 2
other values
38

Mat_AB

100%
Y
25
N
 21

Mat_hyptens

100%
n
34
y
 12

Maternal_Diab

100%
n
42
y
 4

Maternal_preeclamp

100%
n
33
y
 13

Milk_Fortifier

100%
n
26
y
 20

Mom_Breast_Milk

100%
y
44
n
 2

Other_mat_diag

100%
n
27
y
 19

Prol_rupt

100%
n
34
y
 12

Suspected_GI_problem

100%
N
40
Y
 6

Twin

100%
n
41
y
 5

Type_of_mat_AB

54%
penicillin
 9
cefazolin
 6
erythromycin, ampicillin
 3
ampicillin
 2
other values
 5

Week_1-Breast_milk(%)

100%
100
 14
0
 3
27
 2
39
 2
other values
25

Week_1-Formula(%)

100%
0
35
73
 2
100
 1
12
 1
other values
 7

Week_1-_Fortified_breast_milk(%)

100%
0
 22
61
 2
9
 2
1
 1
other values
 19

Week_2-Breast_milk(%)

100%
0
 19
100
 7
5
 2
1
 1
other values
 17

Week_2-Formula(%)

100%
0
36
100
 1
2
 1
23
 1
other values
 7

Week_2_Fortified_breast_milk(%)

100%
100
 14
0
 13
84
 2
95
 2
other values
 15

Weight_sampling(kg)

100%
1.36
 2
1.51
 2
1.93
 2
2.21
 2
other values
38

diet_full

100%
Mom's milk +formula fortifier
 8
Mom's milk +HMF
 6
Mom's milk OR formula feeds
 6
Mom's milk or Donor milk +HMF
 6
other values
 20

type_of_birth_full

100%
C-section
29
Vaginal
 17

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